African-American Studies Essay

The aspect of African-American Studies is key to the lives of African-Americans and those involved with the welfare of the race. African-American Studies is the systematic and critical study of the multidimensional aspects of Black thought and practice in their current and historical unfolding (Karenga, 21). African-American Studies exposes students to the experiences of African-American people and others of African descent. It allows the promotion and sharing of the African-American culture. However, the concept of African-American Studies, like many other studies that focus on a specific group, gender, and/or creed, poses problems. Therefore, African-American Studies must overcome the obstacles in order to improve the state of being for African-Americans. According to the book, Introduction to Black Studies, by Maulana Karenga, various core principles make of the basis of African-American Studies. Some of the core principles consist of 1)history, 2)religion, 3)sociology, 4)politics, and 5)economics. The core principles serve as the thematic â€Å"glue† which holds the core subjects together. The principles assist with the expression of the African-American Studies discipline (Karenga, 27). The core principle of history is primary factor of African-American Studies. History is the struggle and record of humans in the process of humanizing the world i. e. shaping it in their own image and interests (Karenga, 70). By studying history in African-American Studies, history is allowed to be reconstructed. Reconstruction is vital, for over time, African-American history has been misleading. Similarly, the reconstruction of African-American history demands intervention not only in the academic process to redefines and reestablishes the truth of Black History, but also intervention in the social process to reshape reality in African-American images and interests and thus, self-consciously make history (Karenga, 69). African American History or Black American History, a history of African-American people in the United States from their arrival in the Americas in the Fifteenth Century until the present day. In 1996, 33. 9 million Americans, about one out of every eight people in the United States, were African-American. Although African-American from the West Indies and other areas have migrated to the United States in the Twentieth Century, most African- Americans were born in the United States, and this has been true since the early Nineteenth Century. Until the mid-20th century, the African-American population was concentrated in the Southern states. Even today, nearly half of all African-Americans live in the South. African-Americans also make up a significant part of the population in most urban areas in the eastern United States and in some mid-western and western cities as well . Africans and their descendants have been a part of the story of the Americas at least since the late 1400s. As scouts, interpreters, navigators, and military men, African-Americans were among those who first encountered Native Americans. Beginning in the colonial period, African-Americans provided most of the labor on which European settlement, development, and wealth depended, especially after European wars and diseases decimated Native Americans (http://encarta. msn. com). Thus, history plays a role in the way African-Americans have shaped the world over time. The core concept of African-American religion has always played a vital roles in the African-American life since its beginnings in Africa. Religion is defined as thought, belief, and practice concerned with the transcendent and the ultimate questions of life (Karenga, 211). The vast majority of African Americans practice some form of Protestantism. Protestantism’s relatively loose hierarchical structure, particularly in the Baptist and Methodist denominations, has allowed African Americans to create and maintain separate churches. Separate churches enabled blacks to take up positions of leadership denied to them in mainstream America. In addition to their religious role, African American churches traditionally provide political leadership and serve social welfare functions. The African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first nationwide black church in the United States, was founded by Protestant minister Richard Allen in Philadelphia in 1816. The largest African American religious denomination is the National Baptist Convention, U. S. A. , founded in 1895. A significant number of African Americans are Black Muslims. The most prominent Black Muslim group is the Nation of Islam, a religious organization founded by W. D. Fard and Elijiah Poole in 1935. Poole, who changed his name to Elijiah Muhammad, soon emerged as the leader of the Nation of Islam. Elijiah Muhammad established temples in Detroit, Chicago, and other northern cities. Today, Louis Farrakhan leads the Nation of Islam. A small number of African American Muslims worship independently of the Nation of Islam, as part of the mainstream Islamic tradition (http://encarta. msn. com). Presented with the fact that African-American religion is predominately Judeo-Christian, the tendency is to view it as â€Å"white religion in black face†. However, the rooting of the two religions varies due to the historical and social experiences (Karenga, 212). African-American over time has somewhat declined in its power. The church was once the sole basis of the community, especially to those in need. Today, this is speculated to be the link in the decline in the bonding of the African-American community. The core principle of African-American sociology integrates the various aspects and social reality from an African-American perspective. African-American sociology is defined as the critical study of the structure and functioning of the African-American community as a whole, as well as the various units and processes which compose and define it, and its relations with people and the forces external to it (Karenga, 269). African-American sociology involves the study of family, groups, institutions, views and values, relations of race, class and gender and related subjects. The African-American community, like other communities, is defined by the sharing of common space. Parts of its common space, however, are bounded areas of living, such as ghettos, which not only close African-Americans in the community, but simultaneously shuts them out from the access and opportunities available in the larger, predominately Caucasian society (Karenga, 302). The concept of isolation creates areas of poverty. Socially, isolation in ghettos prevents the cycle of diversity society, allowing prevailing stereotypes to surface. The immense concentration of African-Americans is a reason for disadvantages, such as joblessness, poverty, etc. Statistics suggest that the employment rate issue is an essential on among African-American women. The average rate of unemployment among African-American women in the 1980’s was 16% and was higher for African-American men (Giddings, 350). Thus, the concept of diversity prevents African-Americans from thriving socially. The core concept of African-American politics can be defined as the art and process of gaining,maintaining and using power (Karenga, 311). The institution of politics has played a role in the African-American community since the 15th amendment was passed, allowing African-American men the right to vote (Constitution). In order to obtain political power, however, there are eight bases: 1) key positions in government 2) voting strength 3) community control 4) economic capacity 5) community organization 6) possession of critical knowledge 7) coalition and alliance and 8) coercive capacity. In order to attain these, African-Americans must unite, for unity strengthens weak groups (African-Americans) and increases the power of others (Caucasians) (Karenga, 363). Over time, African-Americans have made substantial strides in politics. Civil rights leader Jesse Jackson, who ran for the Democratic Party’s presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, brought exceptional support and force to African-American politics. In 1989, Virginia became the first state in U. S. history to elect an African- American governor, Douglas Wilder. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first African-American woman elected to the U. S. Senate. Today, Moseley-Braun is a candidate for the Presidency of the United States (Franklin, 612). There were 8,936 African-American office holders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 mayors and 38 members of Congress. The Congressional Black Caucus serves as a political alliance in Congress for issues relating to African- Americans. The appointment of African-Americans to high federal offices? including Colin Powell (chairman of the U.S. Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-1993; Secretary of State, 2001-present), Ron Brown (Secretary of Commerce, 1993-1996), and Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas? also demonstrates the increasing power of African-Americans in the political arena (http://encarta. msn. com). Despite the advances of African-Americans in the political scene, the rate of voting has immensely declined compared to 40 years ago. According to statistics, less than 20% of African-Americans between the ages of 18 and 24, the most vital voting age group, voted in the last 40 years (http://www. rockthevote.org ). African-American voting’s disappointing decline over time has become a setback in regards to power, for politics control most of the issues that concern society, such as healthcare, housing, and employment: issues that the African-American community are in need of improving. The core concept of economics is defined as the study and process of producing, distributing (or exchanging) and consuming goods and services. Economically, African-Americans have benefited from the advances made during the Civil Rights era. The racial disparity in poverty rates has narrowed to some extent. The African-American middle class has grown substantially. In 2000, 47% of African-Americans owned their homes. However, African-Americans are still underrepresented in government and employment. In 1999, median income of African American household was $27,910 compared to $44,366 of non-Hispanic Caucasians. Approximately one-fourth of the African-American population lives in poverty, a rate three times that of Caucasians. In 2000, 19. 1 % of the African-American population lived below poverty level as compared to 6. 9% of Caucasians population. The unemployment gap between African-Americans and Caucasians has grown. In 2000, the unemployment rate among African-Americans was almost twice the rate for Caucasians. The income gap between African-American and Caucasian families also continue to widen. Employed African-Americans earn only 77% of the wages of Caucasians in comparable jobs, down from 82% in 1975. In 2000, only 16. 6% of African-Americans 25 years and older earned bachelor’s or higher degrees in contrast to 28. 1% of Caucasians. Although rates of births to unwed mothers among both African-Americans and Caucasians have risen since the 1950’s, the rate of such births among African-Americans is three times the rate of Caucasians (DeBose, 1). Thus, the state of African-American economics have flourished over time, yet remains in a state of improvement. Whether one talks about poverty, incomes, jobs, etc. , all imply and necessitate the concern with economics in the African-American community (Karenga, 355). Conclucively, the possibility of problems arising towards the discipline of African-American Studies are rooted in the birth of the discipline itself (Karenga, 476). The mission of the discipline, problematic administrators, and campus opposition are examples of obstacles that often attempt to prevent the missions of African-American Studies. However, African-American Studies has continued to defend its stance over time. Thus, as long as there is an African-American culture, the quest for knowledge in the African-American studies field will remain. Works Cited DeBose,Brian. â€Å"Reclaiming the Mission†. Nov. 2002 . Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom. Nashville, TN: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter . New York:Perrenial, 1984. Karenga, Malauna. Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles: University of Sankore Press ? Third Edition, 2002. http://encarta. msn. com http://www. rockthevote. com.

The Past, Present and the Future of the Internet

THE PAST, PRESENT AND THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNET; AND HOW IT’S AFFECT THE ENVIRONMENT. Abstract The present paper connotes problems with the uses of the internet nowadays and the implication of it especially to the environment. This research will start from the early stage of the internet, then goes to the current IT industry and lastly what do we aspect in the future based on what we already achieved today. This research also is conducted purposely to make people understand the risk of it as this issue is not having been discussed openly with others.There is no argument for the rapid development in IT industry will make the life getting easier, but we also need to know behind the curtain about this technology as human invention will never get perfect. Table of content Page 1) Introduction4 2) Literature review6 3) Methodology8 4) Findings / Data Analysis9 5) Discussion on Findings13 6) Conclusion15 7) References17 8) Appendix 18 1) INTRODUCTION 1. Background of Study Internet is disruptive. Largely for better, internet has disrupted the way we travel, communicate, conduct business, produce, socialize and manage our homes and lives.This disrupt ability has potential to reduce our dependence on dirty energy and make society cleaner, more efficient and powered renewability. Parts of our individual lives are becoming more efficient even as we consume more. Internet can enable us to cut down on energy intensive practice by allowing us to work from home with teleconferencing and telecommuting tools. Now we can read our electricity use in real time and manage it better accordingly. We also can stream music on the internet instead of taking up space on our hard drive.Nevertheless, as we applaud the positive, visible impacts and measurable, game changing potential of internet, we also need to pay attention to what is behind the curtain. The internet sector has a choice to make as the demand for internet based product and service has grows exponentially. In the U nited States, Europe and particularly in developing economies such as India and China, so does amount of data we produce globally. 2. Statement of problem The increasing of uses of internet rapidly consumes more energy for them to provide the service.It is a good sign of our technology. Unfortunately, most of Internet Company facilities are still use coal based energy to power up their data centre and its office. This problem should not take lightly as million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) had been release in the air as a result of us who are using the internet uncontrolled every day. With the releasing the large amount of CO2 to the air, it will decrease our ozone layer that can result many damaged and catastrophic to the earth such as climate change, global warming and skin cancer.So this problem can contribute to be cause of many disasters that we already face these days. 3. Objective of study I. To find out the usage of internet and digital device from the past to the future. I I. To understand the impact of rapid developing technology and the internet to the environment. 4. Research questions The research questions that have been formulated for this study are: I. Does use of internet can contribute to pollution? II. How much damaged of this technology to the environment? 2) LITERATURE REVIEWThe internet history was started from 29 October 1969, when the first message in ARPANET (Advance Research Project Agency Network) between computers at UCLA (University California, Los Angeles) to another computer in Stanford Research Institute. The first message that had been sent is a word ‘LOGIN’ but the computer at UCLA suddenly crashed and only word ‘LO’ that had been sent. In early development, there’re only 4 computers in the network which is UCLA, Stanford, UTAH and University of California, Santa Barbara. Now, we have millions of computers including portable device that can access the internet in one time (Prouser, 2011).After 40 years since the first message in ARPANET, now we get the benefit from it. After countless of development, internet nowadays can be access almost everywhere. The internet technology was rapidly evolved faster than automotive industry. The device that we use to access the internet also becomes more powerful. Now, we can get faster speed access, increased of storage capabilities, and broader device connectivity such as hand phone and tablet PC besides of desktop computers and laptop (Neolabels, 2010). The number of internet user was reached to 3 billion users in 2010 (Cisco, 2011).To support the huge amount of users, there are currently about 44 millions servers in the world. This amount of servers were contribute about 2% of carbon emissions or the same average of aviation industry or medium size country such as Argentina and Sweden (Forrest, Kaplan, & Kindler, 2008). This is because, according to Gary Cook & Jodie Van Horn (April 2011), â€Å"The technologies of the 21st century are still largely powered by the dirty coal power of the past, with over half of the companies rated herein relying on coal for between 50% and 80%of their energy needs.This means the internet industry also producing carbon emissions like other company despite that we did not realize it† (p. 5). they also claims that we have generated 1. 2 zettabytes of digital information with our tweets, YouTube videos, Facebook status updates, iTunes downloads, emails and other data transfers. In another study, Koomey (2008) finds out that worldwide electricity used by data centres are doubled from 2000 to 2005. The data centre's that house this explosion of digital information currently consume more than 3% of US electricity, and approximately 1. % to 2% of global electricity, growing at a rate of approximately 12% annually. Greenpeace ( March 2010) had release their report called Make IT Green; claims the electricity consumption of data centres may be as much as 70% higher than previously predicted. The combined electricity demand of the internet globally is 662bn kWh and would rank the fifth among countries beating electricity consumption in India, Germany, Canada, Brazil and United Kingdom. According to the information that taken from the web publication from Cisco, ‘networking solutions sub solution’ retrieved from http://www. mashable. om (2010) by; Internet traffic is projected to approach 1 zettabyte per year in 2015; that is equivalent of all the digital data in existence in 2010. Regionally speaking, traffic is expected to more than double in the Middle East and Africa, where there will be an average of 0. 9 devices per person for a projected population of 1. 39 billion. Latin America is close behind, with a 48% increase in traffic and an estimated 2. 1 devices per person among a population of 620 million. 3) METHODOLOGY The research is mainly focus on IIUM students in all major from different background of kuliyyah.This is because to make it ea sy and not bias only to specific student or specific respondent. Unfortunately, the research did not include respondent of the outside of IIUM because of a few limitation. The respondents were also selected from the mahallah to respond the questionnaires. 1. Population and Sampling Approximately the questionnaires that were been delivered to the IIUM students are about 20 questionnaires. By using random sampling, they were distributed the questionnaire to the student and then take it back after they finish with the questionnaire. 0 respondents were selected from male student and 10 more respondents from the female student around the IIUM campus and mahallah. 2. Instrumentation and Data Collection The data about uses of the internet is gathered by making the survey. In the survey, the data was collected by answering a set of questionnaire which consists of 8 questions. The survey question, the students were asked about their own experience and how regularly they are on using internet in their basic life every day. The survey form is divided to two sections which are section A and B. ection A is for responded personal information and section B is for closed-ended questions. 4) FINDINGS / DATA ANALYSIS 1. Findings 2. Data analysis Based on the survey made during the research, the first question which is determine whether they are using the internet or not, the result shows that all or 100% of the respondents are using the internet. This is because the policy and method on the IIUM itself in encouraging their student to use internet. They need to use the internet at least for register their subject for new semester in their year of study.Other than that, the students also need to use the internet to search the source of their assignment and learning throughout the semester. The second question was to determine how frequent the respondent to access the internet in one week. Based on my survey, at was it is clearly shows that most of them, which consist of 58% are a ccessing the internet every day. It was left others option by far which is only 26% of respondent are accessing in 4 to 6 days a week, followed by 2 to 3 days, 11% and lastly once a week which is 5%. From this question,The next question that was asked in the survey was the time they spent every day on the internet. Most of them spent their time on internet about 1 to 3 hours a day. It was followed by respondent that only spent less than 1 hour which consists about 30% and lastly, only 10% of them are surfing more than 3 hours a day. Social network are the most often website that the respondent visit compare to the other type of website. There is 50% of them are spent their time surfing on the internet by visiting to social network such as Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, BlogSpot, and online game. 5% of the respondents are frequently use internet for multimedia website such as YouTube, Vivo, and also music download website. The third place goes to was on instant messaging which contribut e about 15% of the respondent. They prefer to use Yahoo Chat, Google Talk or Facebook chat when they are on-line. Unfortunately, only 10% of them are using the internet for check their e-mail. This result shows that respondent are using the internet for entertainment and socialize rather than use it for something that really beneficial to them. The next question that was asked in the survey was the number of devices that they have.This question is to prove that in the future, the number of device on every person is increasing. In the survey, the result found that most of them have at least one or two device which consists of 45% and 40% respectively. This result was influence of many students at least has laptop or desktop on them besides of cell phone that also can access the internet. Only 5% of them did not have and 10% have 3 or more device that can access the internet. The types of device that respondent have been asked on the question number six in the survey. As expected, mos t of them, which is 95% have laptop or desktop which can access the internet.Hand phone was on the second place which consist 13 respondent or 65% of the respondent have this device that can access the internet. Only 15% and 10% of them have tablet PC and other device such as music player and gaming device. The result on question seven was surprising. From the survey, only 8 respondents hear about the pollution that can occur from the uses of the internet which consist only 40% of them. Other respondents never heard about this topic ever before. From this question, we can see that there are still a lot of people that are not aware about this issue.This is because the pollution effect is we barely can see in naked eye. Also, this pollution is majorly consumed by IT Company rather than a person. The question number eight that was asked in the survey is about the source of information that respondent get about the issue. From the survey, we can conclude that the respondent majorly hear d about this issue from newspaper or magazine which contributes about 33%, followed by from internet which is 25%. Both source, which is from friends and educations or lecture are only consist about 17%. Lastly, 8% of the respondent had heard this issue from other resource such as advertisement and seminar. ) DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS The finding shows that majorly students in IIUM have the experience in using the internet. The finding is very contrast if we done this research back to 10 years before. In that day, only a few of student who have the computer and it can be categorized as a luxury item (Leiner B, Cerf V, Clark D, (2001). This situation is parallel to the point that the development of IT technology is faster than other technology such as automobile and builds construction. The time IIUM student spent on the internet also very long. Most of them spent their time about 1 to 3 hours a day.By the time passed, they do not realized how they are wasting their time in front of the ir laptop every day only for checking their Facebook, reading about gossip on the blog, even watching videos on Youtube. This is the reflect on the example that Allah stated in al-Quran: â€Å"By Al-Asr (the time). Verily! Man is loss. Except such as have faith, and do righteous deeds, and (join together) in the mutual teaching of Truth, and Patience and Constancy† (p. 601). With the amount of device that respondent have in this day, there is not impossible that the users of internet will be quadruple in 2015.The increase of smart device in the market and more affordable electronic device that use and can access the internet, slowly increase the chance for the people to connect to the internet in the future. This theory also being supported by Odlyzko (2000) who forecasted the explosive growth in small mobile devices, which will often have small storage and low bandwidth over wireless links, and thus will be most useful if they can get data from local storage. This model also allows for easy integration with special hardware for intellectual property protection. Unfortunately, there is still a small amount of us that aware about this issue.This might be the lack of information that can be spread to the people as a clear lack of transparency from major IT brands is the one biggest reason behind this imprecision. (Teske, 2010). The other reason is this pollution is not majorly contributed from the users. The pollution are majorly contribute from the IT company that use a huge amount of energy to power up the system. They need that energy to fulfill the demand needed by users. 6) CONCLUSION In conclusion, this research has investigated the revolution of the internet from the beginning to the present, until what we aspect in the uture and the effect of the most rapid developing technology to the environment. As mentioned earlier in the introduction, the purpose of this study was to find out usage of internet and digital device from the past to the future an d to understand the impact of rapid developing technology and internet to the environment. The results of the investigation show that there are no sign of decreasing in internet development in current time or in the future. The technology was continuously evolve and every day, more people start using internet in their daily life.Despite of all effort that big tech company done to minimize the effect, there is still possibilities that the pollution that cause from internet uses become worse as the users are increasing from day to day. The limitation of this research is in the methodology which is I only done the data collection around the IIUM and not outside. This will make the data value are not really accurate. As we all know, there are still people do not use internet in their entire live especially some people that live in the village or some area that did not have internet coverage area.Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, here are several recommendations to be c onsidered. Firstly, as for the big tech company that provide internet service and using data centre, they can use other energy source to power it up rather than rely heavily to coal based energy. For example, even though Facebook Company relies heavily on coal energy, their data centre was powered up by mixing it with wind and solar energy, saving about 2. 5 million kWh per year or 1,065 tonnes of CO2. Other method is by using virtualizing.Virtualizing is a method of running multiple independent virtual operating systems on a single physical computer. It is a way to maximizing physical resources to maximize the investment in hardware. For example, from 200 servers, we can reduce it to only 25 servers by using this method. It can save thousands of energy per year and reduce the cost of maintenance. As for the user, we can contribute by minimizing the uses if internet by reducing the time that we consume to surf the internet and also only access the internet when we really need to acc ess it. 7) REFERENCE Al-Quran, Surah Al-Asr: 1-3.Cook, G. (2011). How dirty is your data? A look at the energy choices that power cloud computing. Amsterdam. Greenpeace International. Cisco (2010). Networking solutions sub solution. Retrieved from http://www. mashable. com Forrest, W. , Kaplan, J. M. & Kindler, N. (2008). Data Centers: How to Cut Carbon Emissions and Costs. McKinsey & Company. Greenpeace (2010). Make IT green: cloud computing and its contribution to climate change, Greenpeace International. Koomey, G. (2008). Worldwide electricity used in data centre. Environment Research Letters. IOP Publishing. Leiner, B, et al. (2001).The past and future history of the internet. Communication of the ACM. Neolabels (2010). Digital life: today and tomorrow. Retrieves from http://digitallife. neolabels. com Odlyzko, A. (2000). The history of communications and its implications for the Internet. AT Labs Research. Prouser. (2011). Where the internet was born. Retrieved from http://www . reuters. com/news Teske, S. (2010). Energy [r]evolution: a sustainable world energy outlook. Greenpeace International, European Renewable Energy Council (EREC). 8) APPENDIX SURVEY ABOUT THE USERS OF INTERNET AMONG THE IIUM STUDENTS SECTION A AGE: |LEVEL OF STUDY : | |GENDER : |NATIONALITY : | SECTION B 1) Do you use the internet? Yes No *(if yes, the survey ends here) 2) In a week, how many days do you spend in the internet? Once A Week2-3 Days A Week 4-5 Days A WeekEvery Day 3) In average, how much time do you spend in the internet? Less than 1 hour1-3 hoursMore than 3 hours 4) What type of website do you often visit when surfing the internet? Social NetworkMultimedia E-MailInstant Messaging 5) How many device(s) do you have that can access the internet? Not HaveOne TwoThree or More 6) What kind of devices do you have that can access the internet? Laptop/Desktop PCHandphone Tablet PCOthers: _____________ 7) Do you ever heard about the pollution that occurs from the uses of the in ternet? Yes No 8) If yes, where do you hear about this? Newspaper/MagazineFriends InternetEducations/Lectures Others: _____________ SURVEY ENDS HERE. THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION

The Invention of the Light Bulb - 908 Words

The light bulb is the most important invention in history. This invention helps in so many ways, most importantly; it helps us see when we are not able to, mostly at night. The light bulb is an invention that is used all the time. The light bulb has impacted the world in various ways. The only light source that was available consisted of candles, oil lanterns, and gas lamps. It was a very long process to create the light bulb known today. What the inventors mostly did was they kept on adding different filaments, or trying out new filaments. It didn’t happen all at once, it took various people to keep on making it better, to what the typical light bulb is today. Many people helped with the light bulb that we know today. The†¦show more content†¦Someone else who contributed to the light bulb is James Bowman Lindsay. In 1835 James demonstrated constant electric lighting using a system that is called a prototype light bulb (invsee.asu.edu). In 1850 Edward Shepard, used a charcoal filament to invent an electrical incandescent arc lamp. Another important addition to the light bulb happened that exact year. Joseph Wilson Swan started working with carbonized paper filaments, which later helped the light bulb. Heinrich Goebel was a German watchmaker that also helped in making the light bulb. In 1854 Heinrich Goebel invented the first true light bulb. What he did was place a carbonized bamboo filament, and placed it inside a glass bulb (inventors.about.com) . In 1856, C. De Chagny, who was a French engineer, patented an incandescent lamp with platinum filaments, which was used by workers in mines (invsee.asu.edu). In 1875 Hermann Sprengel invented the mercury vacuum pump. This made making a really good vacuum inside the bulb possible. In that exact same year, Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans patented a light bulb. In 1878 Joseph Wilson Swan, who was an English physicist, was the first person to invent a practical and a longer lasting light bulb that lasted 13.5 hours. Joseph used a carbon fiber filament derived from cotton (inventors.about.com). Thomas Edison is one ofShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Light Bulb1299 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered who invented the light bulb? Well here is some history on the inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Thomas was on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He did many great inventions during his life. I will tell you later on in the paper about some of his inventions. In 1844- His family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, where Edison attended public school for only a total of 12 weeks. He was pulled out of the public school and home schooled due to being called a hyperactive child.Read MoreThe Invention Of The Electric Light Bulb1418 Words   |  6 Pagesimagine a world without light bulb? 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From the inventions of cell phones to hybrid cars, new innovations shape our daily lives. One important invention transformed the American lifestyle and increased productivity: Light bulbs. In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison developed an incandescent light bulb that used platinum filaments, which was later replaced in 1880 with a carbonizedRead MoreGreat Invention in Electrical Field –light bulb Light bulb is one of the most influential900 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Invention in Electrical Field –light bulb Light bulb is one of the most influential inventions in the word. It makes us work more productive at night and helps us enjoy more activities at night. It significantly change people lives all over the world. The born of light bulb also helped us by making more inventions that related to light, such as phones, televisions, and computes. By using light bulb, we actually reduced the probability of having fire accidents because if we don’t have lightRead MoreThe Invention Of The Incandescent Light Bulb By Thomas Alva Edison1540 Words   |  7 PagesAbsolute darkness, a world with no light, is a possible reality without the contributions of a single man. Thomas Alva Edison was a renowned American inventor of the nineteenth century who has contributed greatly to the world. Edison is most famously known for his invention of the incandescent light bulb, but many people are blind to his other achievements that have contributed immensely to society. There was more to Thomas Edison t han his numerous inventions. Paul B. Israel, Director and GeneralRead MoreThe Invention Of Inventors : Inventing Solutions Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems. Many people are known for their inventions today and are famous for them and how they changed the world so drastically. Take Thomas Edison for instance; he invented the phonograph, motion picture camera and a longer lasting light bulb. Today, these inventions are seen as simple items and are even taken for granted. However, if we look back in time, we can see just how impactful these inventions were. This essay will discuss the many different inventions throughout history that changed the worldRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Alva Edison s Life1475 Words   |  6 Pagesand he began to work on inventing devices that would help make life a little easier for him despite his deafness. One of these devices consisted of a printer that would convert electrical signals to letters. Edison realized that he had a love for inventions, s o much so, that he decided to quit telegraphy in 1869, to pursue the life of a fulltime inventor1. After Thomas Edison left the field of telegraphy, he began to develop his career as an independent entrepreneur. By doing this, he managed to formRead MoreThomas Edison1061 Words   |  5 Pages What do you use to see at night? You probably said some form of light containing a light bulb of some kind. Well, before Thomas Edison came along people used gas lamps, and fire to see. Thomas Edison was person who revolutionized the world with his amazing invention of the incandescent light bulb, and he also had other revolutionary inventions. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio (Edison’s Light bulb). His parents were Samuel and Nancy Edison, and he was the last of

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Langston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance - 1736 Words

Endie E. Moss Professor Jolene Mendel LITR 221 Sum 17 Due: 20 Aug 2017 The Dream Called Langston As an artist, or literature, music or visual art, there is power in creating pieces that move the masses. For an African American artist in the 1920’s, that power was fought for harder and dimmed due the racial inequalities across America. Being acknowledged as a credible artist was equated to being acknowledged as an American during a time where African American citizens were not considered an equal under the law. The Harlem Renaissance, spanning from the mid 1920’s to the late 1930’s, shed light on the excellence within the African American Community. The heart of the movement, Harlem, New York, encompassed visual art, music, literature and†¦show more content†¦At the time American was amid a transition; the country moving from slaver to racial inequality, to the beginnings of the Great Migration. These historical events are represented metaphorically in the splinters, broken boards and rough floors that Hughes is referencing to. The rhetoric bares resemblance to a southern woman; Hughes was raised by his grandmother for a majority of his life and was likely able to free verse the poem based on actual conversation. As the poem concludes, the mother uses her resilience to further encourage her son. Hughes writes â€Å"[s]o boy, don’t you turn back. Don’t you set down on the steps ’cause you finds it’s kinder hard. Don’t you fall now— (Hughes). As an African American in the 1920’s, everything within society was designed to create hardship or failure. The encouragement from the mother’s words is a push forward not only for an individual but for the entire African American community. In â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers†, Hughes embarks his readers on a journey of African American ancestry from Africa to America. A large mass of the ancestry and history of African Americans were depleted because of the slave trade. Hughes writes â€Å"[m]y soul has grown deep like the rivers† (Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers) portrays that despite the damage of the slave trade on families and history, the roots of the African American are indestructible and have the capacity to flourish as nature continues to do. Rivers orShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 Pagescalled the Harlem Renaissance. After World War I, many blacks migrated from the south to up to the north to places like Chicago, Detroit and New York. The people in Harlem felt the racial pride and this caught the attention of many musicians, writers, and artist. The Harlem Renaissance period lasted from 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on though all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in the article about Langston Hughes, there wereRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes1676 Words   |  7 PagesHarlem Renaissance with Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance brought about uniqueness amongst African Americans; everything was new. The visual art, the jazz music, fashion and literature took a cultural spin. During this time writer Langston Hughes seemed to outshine the rest with amazing works. The Harlem Renaissance brought about many great changes. It was a time for expressing the African American culture. It is variously known as the Harlem Renaissance, the Black Literary RenaissanceRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1219 Words   |  5 PagesLangston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem renaissance is an artistic revolutionary period that took place between 1917 and 1937. This was after the First World War. Harlem was a district in New York. The Harlem renaissance impacted the social, cultural as well as artistic aspects of the black community. Many black people were encouraged to flee the southern sides where the caste system continued to oppress the black people. At this period, racial inequalities as well as other social injusticesRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pages† - Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance took place in Harlem, New York during the 1920’s. The movement was an expression of African American culture across the Midwestern and Northeastern states of America, with Harlem being the heart of it. The Harlem Renaissance also left a lasting impression on black writers from the Caribbean and other African Colonies who immigrated to Paris. There were many artists of many different mediums that left a lasting impact of black culture, and Langston HughesRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1909 Words   |  8 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a social and cultural movement aimed to alter the conventional notion of â€Å"The Negro† and to expound on African American’s adversities through literature, music, and visual arts. After World War I, Harlem, New York became a central location for African Americans for greener pastures and racial equality. Large quantities of black writers, artists, and intellectuals emerged within the urban scene and played a pivotal role of defining the movement in their respective fieldsRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1476 Words   |  6 Pages Langston Hughes, a Voice for the Taciturn Take a time machine back to one of the most culturally-rich times in history, the Modern Age. More specifically, set your destination to northern Manhattan in the early 20s. When you step onto those bustling streets, you’ll find yourself swept up in the Harlem Renaissance. The contemporary writers you are surrounded by are legends such as Langston Hughes and W. E. B. DuBois, and the contemporary musicians you may hear at a local nightclub include some ofRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1703 Words   |  7 Pagesis a quote from a well-known poet by the name of Langston Hughes who served as a prominent figure in African American history and is known for maintaining a significant role in one of the most culturally influential periods for African Americans -The Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance describes a significant era in time where hundreds or artists, writers and musicians living in Harlem came together to form a vibrant, creative community. Hughes along with many other talented and innovative AfricanRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : Langston Hughes1145 Words   |  5 Pagesplace called Harlem and this is where it all started. Harlem became the training ground for blues and jazz and gave birth to a young generation of Negro Artist, who referred to themselves as the New Negro. The New Negro was the base for an epoch called the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance allowed for the materialization of the double consciousness of the Negro race as demonstrated by artists such as Langston Hughes. During the peak of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes created poetryRead MoreLangston Hughes : The Harlem Renaissance1151 Words   |  5 Pagesmass movement of people is called the Great Migration. One of the most popular places African Americans moved to was Harlem, New York. This city was a cultural and artistic polestar for people of color. It became known for the start of the African American cultural and artistic revolut ion known as the â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†. Out of the Renaissance came poet Langston Hughes. Hughes’ grandparents were abolitionists and worked to instill the same sense of justice into him, which can be seen in his writingsRead MoreAspects Of Langston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance755 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscrimination, the Harlem Renaissance was a time of emergence for African Americans artists. Several writers such as Langston Hughes emerged during this period. African American writers who emerged during the Harlem Renaissance were heroes to lower-class blacks living in Harlem. Langston Hughes was a household name amongst the lower-class during the Harlem Renaissance. Hughes’s poetry was strongly influenced by the Harlem Renaissance because of his love for the black masses. Hughes was determined to

Street kiosk free essay sample

We choose 5-Street Kiosk as our business name since our group has five members and â€Å"street† from our proposed business main dish which is street foods. Logo Our logo has the background of variety pictures of street foods and at the centre part is our business name. We choose this because it emphasizes the nature of our business. Location The location of our business possible would be at Brgy. Malamig Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City. In front of Rizal Technological University, beside PLDT Building. This would be the strategic location for our business because it is near from school, business offices, condominiums, etc. where the students, workers and other people who are living near our store would be our possible customers. Descriptive definition of the project The study is about a food kiosk catering street foods as its menu. The objective of the proponents in making this business possible is to make an impression that usual Filipino street foods that we encounter can also be safe and be complemented to other dishes. Our business wants to emphasize that aesthetics, appearances, presentation of food, personal trust and interaction with our customers are the most important criteria for assessing food safety as well as meeting our customer’s needs and wants. People in all walks of life can now have the perception that street foods are not just an alternative food if they want to be a spend thrift but rather these are also foods which will delight them and will give them satisfaction beyond their expectations. General Objectives: To be able to change the perception of people regarding safety and cleanliness of street foods. To increase the level of awareness of customers on the different ways that the street foods can be introduced from a simple and ordinary recipes to a nutritious, stylish and savoury dishes or cuisine. To line up with other competitors using our unique approach in catering street foods. To offer an affordable but delicious and a satisfying street foods. Every enterprise is build primarily to earn profit. But aside from earning profit, the enterprise is also aiming to accomplish the following: SHORT-TERM OBJECTIVES This are the specific objectives that the enterprise would want to pursue after one (1) year of its normal operation. 1. To be known in the public and earn customer satisfaction. 2. To have 10% net profit. INTERMEDIATE OBJECTIVES This are the specific objectives that the enterprise would want to pursue after five (5) years of its normal operation. 1. To maintain customer’s loyalty. 2. To stay competitive in the industry. 3. To have more customers. 4. To increase the net profit of up to 25% of the sales. LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES This are the specific objectives that the enterprise would want to pursue after ten (10) years of its normal operation. 1. To stay competitive in the industry. 2. To sell the products through delivery. 3. To have online selling. 4. To have branches over Metro Manila. 5. To increase the net profit up to 40% of sales Project timetable and status Gantt chart Activities Month WEEKS Processing of different business permits Processing the documents for leasing the business location Purchasing And installation of machineries and equipments Hiring and Training of employees Preparation of other business operational materials Start of the business operation NOVEMBER 1 2 3 4 DECEMBER 1 2 3 4 JANUARY 1 2 3 4 FEBRUARY 1 2 3 4 Nature of the industry Food Service Industry Food is a basic necessity. The industry which deals with preparing food items/products refers to the food service industry. The food service industry is and will always remain in high demand because of its genre. These industries include restaurants, fast foods, school and hospital cafeterias, catering operations, food carts and food trucks etc. Restaurants and fast foods mainly contribute to the food service industry. â€Å"Fast food† generally refers to the type of restaurants that sell quick, inexpensive take-out food. During a relatively brief period of time, the fast food industry has helped to transform not only diet, but also landscape, economy, workforce, and popular culture. The extraordinary growth of the fast food industry has been obsessed by fundamental changes in society. Restaurants and fast foods are meant for same services except that restaurants offer a large menu including a variety of cuisines as compared to fast foods, which usually offers a small menu with quick service. Another difference between a restaurant and fast food is, restaurants offer meals that are cooked and prepared and is eaten at the premises while fast food usually is pre-cooked meals or serves meals that are cooked easily. Like every other country, the food industry has flourished very well in Philippines. Filipinos love to eat and that’s the reason why you will see a lot of restaurants and fast foods restaurants scattered in the cities. These restaurants and fast foods can be local or international food chains. Filipino food and chefs are considered one of the best in the world. It is hardly surprising that Filipino food is often labelled as somewhat strange (like the â€Å"balut† for example) but in its own way, its food is a unique mixture of eastern and western cuisines and reflects the history of Philippines. The Filipino food includes dishes and cooking procedures from China, Spain, Mexico, United States, and more recently from further abroad. However, what makes them Filipino is the history and society that introduced and adapted them; the people who turned them to their tastes and accepted them into their homes and restaurants, and specially the harmonizing culture that combined them into modern Filipino fare. Some of the popular fast food chains of Philippines are Jollibee, McDonald, KFC, and Chowking, etc. and popular restaurants are Max Restaurants, RACKS,KAYA, and a lot more. Attracting a huge crowd to restaurants or fast foods require more than just good food. Though important, good food is only a part of the total dining experience. Equally important is believed to be the way people feel while in the restaurant. This physical and emotional response is a result of the atmosphere, the total environment to which customers are exposed. The proper atmosphere can make the food, service and whole dining experience seem better. For that reason a restaurant or a fast food must take care the cleanliness of the place and freshness of the food and ambiance in order to please the customers. (www. scribd. com/doc/675267/kalye-ocho-feasibility-study) Mode of financing The partnership shall be composed of five proponents who will have a mutual contribution of money to a common fund. The proponents agreed to contribute the following amounts stated below with the corresponding percentage of share. Mode of Financing Partners Contribution Percentage Potolin, Riza B. 150,000 20 % Benoza, Kristine Joy D. 150,000 20 % Bruno, Sharon Joy G. 150,000 20 % Sarigumba,April Ann J. 150,000 20 % Quirante, Mark Cedie 150,000 20 % Total 750,000 100% Investment cost Machinery and Tools 62,809. 49 Office Supplies 3,020 Kitchen Utensils 4,139 Rent expense 180,000 Total 249,968. 49 Market Feasibility Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present and potential customers. It is considered as the lifeblood of every business transactions because it is a strategic way on how to cope up to the needs and wants of the costumers, finding opportunities regarding it, introduce and market the product, achieve customer’s loyalty and patronage. The objective of the proposed project is to delight the customers, not just by meeting their expectation but rather exceeding and going extra mile. Moreover, it’s about profitability. Marketing aspect serves as the basis of the financial section through the projected demand. Every business is practically aspiring for productivity but practically in order to last in the business world the first thing to take into consideration is the target market. The costumers will be the key factor to achieve the objectives of the organization. Finding opportunities and spotting the right market are both important in establishing a business. Knowing customer’s demand and supplying them right products at reasonable prices. Management Feasibility One goal of this study is to have an effective and efficient business organization. Partnership type of business is more efficient to operate as a saying goes that â€Å"Two is better than one†. The combine ability, skills, knowledge and resources of partners will become the strength of the business. Technical Feasibility This defines the description of the business and nature of the industry. It also focuses the production process, from the raw materials up to the finish products that will be served to the customers. Also the quantity and quality of the products that will be sold. Financial Feasibility The proponents decided to contribute P 150,000 each in order to come up with the required capital amounted to P 750,000. This study focuses on the cost of the proposed business and all the expenses that may be incur in operating the business. The business will have major assumption, financial projection for five years which include income statement, balance sheet and cash flow. Socio – Economic feasibility The objective of our business is not only focusing on the profit but also for economic benefits such as providing employment to some unemployed people. Helping government through payment of right tax as well as to the local producer who will be benefited also. CHAPTER II MARKETING STUDY General market description Marketing is a system of business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying goods and services to present and potential customers. It is considered as the lifeblood of every business transactions because it is a strategic way on how to cope up to the needs and wants of the costumers, finding opportunities regarding it, introduce and market the product, achieve customer’s loyalty and patronage. This aspect includes the following topics: demands, supply, market share, demand-supply analysis, marketing programs and systems and forms design. The objective of the proposed project is to delight the customers, not just by meeting their expectation but rather exceeding and going extra mile. Moreover, it’s about profit ability. Marketing aspect serves as the basis of the financial section through the projected demand. There can be no discussion of profitability or of other aspects of the study; if in the first place, there is no demand or market. Every business is practically aspiring for productivity but practically in order to last in the business world the first thing to take into consideration is the target market. The costumers will be the key factor to achieve the objectives of the organization. Finding opportunities and spotting the right market are both important in establishing a business. Knowing customer’s demand and supplying them right products at reasonable prices. (www. scribd. com/doc/675267/kalye-ocho-feasibility-study) Size of the market Demand It is very essential to know the demand of our products in order to answer needs and wants of our target market; students, employees of the nearby business establishments, passersby, tenants of apartments and condo near to our business location and . etc. Knowing the demand will help us to determine the trend for our products. Past 5-year demand Since there is no statistical data recorded in NSO and DTI regarding the demand for street foods, past demand is computed by getting the target population in Brgy. Malamig Mandaluyong City for the year 2009 2013 multiplied by the annual growth of population in Mandaluyong City. Past 5-Year Demand Year Population Annual Growth Demand 2009 6,890 1. 67 11,506 2010 7,007 1. 67 11,702 2011 7,124 1. 67 11,897 2012 7,241 1. 67 12,092 2013 7,358 1. 67 12,288 Total 35,620 1. 67 59,485 Projected 5-year demand The annual projected demand was obtained by multiplying the population to the projected annual growth of Mandaluyong City. Projected 5-Year Demand Year Population Annual Growth Demand 2014 7,475 3 22,425 2015 7,592 3 22,776 2016 7,709 3 23,127 2017 7,826 3 23,478 2018 7,943 3 23,829 Total 38,545 3 115,635 Study of competitors 1. Chickboy – a fastfood who caters pork BBQ. 2. Chowking – a fastfood who caters siomai. 3. Street vendors – there are lot of street vendors who are also offering the same products that we cater such as kwek-kwek, isaw, fishball, pork BBQ and chicken skin. 4. Carenderia (5) – there are five carenderia near to our business location who also offering Pork BBQ as one of their dishes. Demand-supply analysis Year Demand Supply Unfilled Demand 2014 22,425 19,958 2,467 2015 22,776 20,271 2,505 2016 23,127 20,583 2,544 2017 23,478 20,895 2,583 2018 23,829 21,208 2,621 Total 115,635 102,915 12,720 Market Share Analysis Every business must determine their market share that will serve as basis of marketing strategies of the establishment. It will define the extent of market that we need to satisfy. Out of the total available market which is 11 %, we made our capacity to supply based in our resources. We have 1 counter, 1 cashier, 2 burners, 2 kitchen stewards and each product requires 10 minutes of preparation. Our store hours are from 8 AM – 9 PM, and our market share will be 6 %. They all increase by 5% every year because of the promotional tactics provided by the business. Year Demand Market Share 2014 22,425 1,346 2015 22,776 1,367 2016 23,127 1,388 2017 23,478 1,409 2018 23,829 1,430 Total 115,635 6,938 Proposed marketing program 1. Product Strategies As the result of our survey, youth are the one who have high percentage saying that they are fond of eating street foods. This will serve as the competitive advantage of our business enable to penetrate to the market. The products will be cooked in its traditional way in able to maintain the original taste of these foods. But, presentation will be something different. 5-Street Kiosk wants to emphasize the importance of aesthetics; appearance and food preparation enable to attract customers as well as to achieve customers delight through safe and quality products. For takeout products it will be packed in a paper bag. 2. Place Strategies 5-Street Kiosk will be located beside PLDT building and in front of Rizal Technological University. It would be the strategic location of our business because the students and employee of different business establishments near to our location would be our possible customers. Moreover, the location is also near to Boni Market, Topway supermart where we can have easy access to our raw materials that will be needed in our daily operations. 3. Pricing Strategies We used cost plus strategy in order to set the price of our products. The computation would be: Purchase Cost + Operating Cost+ mark-up=Selling Price 4. Promotion Based on the response of our survey, posters (54%), Flyers (23%), website (18%), are the top three advertising tools that our customers want us to use in promoting our business. System and forms design Since we are just starting and it is small scale business, the group decided that we handle the business manually. One person will take the orders of customers then to cashier for payment and to the kitchen steward who is responsible for doing the orders of customers. Chapter III- TECHNICAL STUDY The products/ services Kwek – kwek is actually a hard boiled quail egg deep fried in an orange batter / coating. The sound of â€Å"quail-egg† said quickly with the local accent made the words mesh together and sound as it is called now, Kwek-kwek. This is sometimes also called â€Å"itlog ng pugo. † Isaw is made from barbecued pig or chicken intestines. The intestines are cleaned, turned inside out, and cleaned again, repeating the process several times Chicken Skin- chicken skin battered and deep fried. Adidas – chicken feet, marinated and grilled or cooked adobo style. Pork Barbeque – marinated pork pieces grilled on skewers. Calamares – deep-fried squid in batter. Betamax – curdled chicken or pork blood, cubed and grilled Siomai – steamed pork dumplings. Banana-Que or Banana-Q This one is a very popular Filipino street food often served as a â€Å"mirenda,† meaning â€Å"snack. † This is a local banana, known as â€Å"†saba,† deep fried in a caramelized sugar coating and then poked with a stick to look like your average back yard BBQ. Don’t be fooled though as this BBQ is nothing like those July 4th American skewers. Banana-Ques are a sweet treat for a lazy afternoon day. Balut – hard-boiled duck egg with fetus Mais Con Yelo – sweet corn, milk and sugar topped with shaved ice. Halo- Halo is a popular Filipino dessert that is a mixture of shaved ice and evaporated milk to which are added various boiled sweet beans and fruits, and served in a tall glass or bowl. Banana Con Yelo – a caramelized plantain slices served with crushed ice. Sorbetes – is the traditional variation of ice cream made in the Philippines. Peddled by street hawkers, it is usually served with small wafer or sugar cones and more recently, bread buns. It is uniquely made from coconut milk, unlike other iced desserts that are made from animal milk. Turon – is a Filipino snack made of thinly sliced bananas (preferably saba or Cardaba bananas) and a slice of jackfruit, dusted with brown sugar, rolled in a spring roll wrapper and fried. Minatamis na Saging – is cooked by sweetening the banana in a mixture of brown sugar, salt, vanilla extract and water. Buko Juice – is the clear liquid inside young coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). Sago’t Gulaman – a refreshingly cold drink made out of tapioca and jelly. Iced Tea – is a form of cold tea, usually served in a glass with ice. Buko Pandan is essentially a street food sold almost everywhere in the country along with other ice-cold drinks like sago (tapioca or pearl balls with iced water sweetened with melted panocha or palm sugar), gulaman (a similar panocha-sweetened iced drink but with cubes of agar-agar in lieu of tapioca balls) or gulaman at sago, a panocha-sweetened drink with a combination of tapioca balls and agar-agar cubes The quantity and quality of the product/service to be produced/sold We compute the quantity of our product to be produce daily. KWEK-KWEK ( 12 pcs. ) Quail Eggs (1 dozen = 15 pesos) Flour (36 pesos) Corn Starch (1/4 kilo = 10 pesos) Cooking Oil (1 liter = 70 pesos) Total = 131 pesos BARBECUE ( 30 pcs. ) Pork Butt or belly (1 kilo = 160 pesos) Soy sauce (6 pesos) Ketchup (1 bottle = 22 pesos) Onion (3 pesos) Garlic (5pesos) Sugar (24 pesos) Salt (5 pesos) Total = 225 pesos PORK SIOMAI Ground Pork ( 1 kilo = 160 pesos ) Onion (3 pesos) Carrots (5 pesos) Salt (5 pesos) Siomai wrapper (15 pesos) Egg (2pcs = 12 pesos) Pepper (5 pesos) Soy Sauce (6 pesos) Calamansi (1/4 kilo = 10 pesos) Total = 221 pesos CALAMARES ( Salt (5 pesos) Squid (1 kilo = 220 pesos) Egg ( 1 piece = 6 pesos) Pepper (5 pesos) Cooking Oil (1 bottle = 70 pesos) Total = 306 pesos BETAMAX ( 16 pcs. ) Chicken blood (1 kilo = 55 pesos) Vinegar (6 pesos) Total = 61 pesos ADIDAS ( 20 pcs. ) Chicken feet (1 kilo = 55 pesos) Soy sauce (6 pesos) Salt (5 pesos) Pepper (5 pesos) Ketchup (1 bottle = 22 pesos) Stick (5 pesos) Total = 98 pesos ISAW ( 30 pcs. ) Chicken’s intestine (1 kilo = 55 pesos) Soy sauce (6 pesos) Salt (5 pesos) Pepper (5 pesos) Ketchup (1 bottle = 22 pesos) Stick (5 pesos) Total = 98 pesos BANANAQUE ( 30 pcs. ) Saging saba ( 60 pcs. 100 pesos) Brown sugar (32 pesos) Cooking oil (70 pesos) Total = 202 pesos TURON ( 30 pcs. ) Saging saba (15 pcs. – 25 pesos) Lumpia rapper (20 pieces = 16 pesos) Brown sugar ( ? kl. 20 pesos) Cooking oil (70 pesos) Total = 131 pesos SAGO’T GULAMAN ( 15 cups ) Sago (4 cups = 40 pesos ) Gulaman ( 2 packs. 30 pesos) Milk ( 1 can = 38 pesos ) Total = P 108. 00 Halo-Halo ( 15 cups ) Banana (3 pcs. = 5 pesos ) Sugar ( ? Kl. = 16 pesos ) Milk ( 2 cans = 64 pesos ) Kaong ( 1 bottle = 25 pesos ) Nata De Coco ( 1 Bottle = 25 pesos ) Sweet Corn ( 1 can = 20 pesos ) Ube ( 1 Bottle = 28 pesos ) Total = P 183. 00 The production/service process Machinery/ tools needed Description Function Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost Computer Set Used to store and record data 1 15000 15000 Telephone For communication and business transaction purposes 1 1000 1000 Refrigerator Use to reduce the rate of spoilage of the food items 1 12500 12500 Freezer Used for cooling purposes and stores perishable goods 1 8,000 8,000 Ice Crusher A device use to crushed ice for cold food items 1 450 450 Exhaust Fan Used to sucks hot air out in the kitchen to maintain proper ventilation 1 550 550 Gas Stove Burner Used to cooked food items 2 3860 3860 Rice Cooker Used for cooking rice 1 1249. 50 1249. 50 Used for baking, broiling, heating food items 1 2349. 99 2349. 99 Television For 1 10000 10000 Steamer For steaming purposes 1 1850 1850 Electric Fan For ventilation purposes 5 1200 6000 Utensils Frying Pan A kitchen utensil design use to fry, to saute, and to sear food 1 500 500 Chopping Board A kitchen utensil use as a surface in slicing and cutting 1 100 100 Knife Set A kitchen utensil use in slicing and cutting foods,etc. 1 495 495 Tong A kitchen utensil used for handling food items in grilling 2 94. 50 189 Spoon and Fork A kitchen utensils used for mixing, stirring food items. It is also the primary utensils used in eating. 3 dozen each 105 630 Plate A broad and flat kitchen utensil on which food is serve. 3 dozens 150 450 Bowl A round kitchen utensil mainly used for holding foods especially liquids. 2 dozens 120 440 Spatula A kitchen utensil used in lifting, flipping and spreading food substance. 2 65 130 Pitcher Used to hold water and other drinking substance 3 125 375 Ice Cream Scooper Used to scoop ice cream 2 55 110 Drinking Glass Used for drinking purposes 3 dozens 240 720 Supplies Ballpen Used in writing purpose 12 5 60 Calculator Used for computation 1 110 110 Notebook Used for recording and reference purposes 2 25 50 Stapler Used to compile files 2 55 110 Pot holder Used to hold hot kitchen equipments 2 25 50 Sponge and scrubber Used to scrub plates and other utensils 10 15 150 Dishwashing Liquid Used to clean kitchen utensils 10 50 500 CleaningTowel Used to dry hands and for sanitation purposes 2 dozens 150 300 Broom Used to sweep the floor 2 120 240 Dustpan Used to collect duct and waste 2 50 100 Tissue Paper For sanitary purposes 3 packs 110 330 Paper Bag For food take out purposes 500 pcs. 500 500 Paper Cups For takeout drinks purposes 10 packs 52 520 Capacity, design, and sources Raw materials and their resources Raw Materials Quantity Unit Price Total Cost Chicken intestine 5 kls. 55 275 Pork Kasim 5 kls 155 775 Ground Pork 5 kls 160 800 Chicken Blood 5 kls 55 275 Chicken Feet 5 kls 70 350 Chicken Skin 5 kls 55 275 Vinegar 1 liter 22 22 Ketchup 1 liter 58 58 Soy Sauce 1 liter 20 38 Salt 1 pack 15 15 Sugar 3 kilo 32 96 Nata De Coco 5 bottles 25 125 Kaong 5 bottles 25 125 Ube 4 bottle 28 112 Milk 5 cans 36 180 Siomai wrapper 50 pcs 15 400 Oil 2gallons 250 500 Food coloring 1pc 5 5 Flour 1kilo 36 36 Quail eggs 5dozen 15 75 Lumpia wrapper 10 tanda 8 80 Saging saba 200 pcs. 5 php/3 pcs. 335 Juice 7 packs 28 196 Gulaman 5 cups 25 125 Sago 5 cups 25 125 Fishball 5 kls. 40 200 Stick 5 packs 10 50 Total 5,648/ week Labour needed- skilled and unskilled Our business needs one store manager, two kitchen steward and one cashier. Plant/store location Our store location will be at Brgy. Malamig Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City. In front of Rizal Technological University and besides the PLDT office building. Plant/store lay-out Structure specification Total project cost List of estimated production, overhead costs, operating expenses Expenses Amount Workers/Employees (2 kitchen steward only because the partners will be the one who assumes the responsibility of being a store manager and cashier) P 12,000 x 12 = P144,000 Plant/Store Rent P 15,000 x 12 = P180,000 Utilities ( telephone, water, electricity ) P 3,000 x 12 = P 36,000 Raw Materials P 5,648 x 48= P 271, 104 Total Expenses P 631,104 CHAPTER IV- MANAGEMENT STUDY Management is one of the important aspects in establishing a business. It is the performance of conceiving and achieving desired results by means of group effort consisting of utilizing human talents and resources. Therefore, management is considered as the force that runs an enterprise and is responsible for its success or failure. The overall implementation plan is discussed in the organization and management study. This aspect includes a study of the officers and key personnel, basic consideration in forming the organization, form of ownership, organizational chart and project schedule. The objective of the management aspect of a feasibility study is to determine the option effectiveness of the organizational setup and the qualifications of the individuals who will make up the organization. This aspect will determine the successful realization of the project study. Basic considerations in forming the organization Form of ownership The enterprise shall be a partnership type of business organization, in which all of the partners will continue what they agreed upon in the formation of the said enterprise. As to its liability to the third person, it is a general partnership. All the partners are general partners who are liable to the partnership’s creditors to the extent of their personal property. As to its duration, it is a partnership at will in which no time is specified. It is a partnership that is not formed for a particular partner’s mutual agreement or by the will of anyone of the partners. As to its management, the enterprise will designate a managing partner who will be Ms. Riza B. Potolin. The said managing partner shall be responsible for the overall management function. Organizational structure Job Title Job Description Job Specification Store Manager -Responsible for the overall supervision of all other managers and subordinates. -Responsible for the administration of all the management functions- planning, organizing, controlling and directing -Handles the implementation of the policies, rules and regulations throughout the organization. -Monitors the performance of his subordinates. -Responsible for the overall ongoing production operations including inventory control, equipment maintenance and Quality Control/Food Safety Inspection -BSBA Management graduate -At least 2 years of managerial experience and has a higher degree of academic preparation -20-25 years old, -Male or female -Highly intelligent and very good in decision making -Creative and imaginative -Hardworking and good in handling people -Have good communication skills -Computer literate Cashier -Greet customers at all times -Handles money/sales properly -Ensures good customers relations by giving friendly service -Graduate of any business course -Hardworking and highly motivated -18-25 years old -Female -Computer literate Kitchen Steward -Ensures the quality products -Responsible for the cleanliness of all kitchen tools and equipments -Minimizes the wastage of raw materials -Responsible for the safety of all foods -High school graduate. -20-28 years old -Male Hardworking and highly motivated Policies Hygiene and Sanitation All employees must observe the highest standard of hygiene and sanitation. Employees must be well-groomed and continue with their work, wearing clean and proper attire. For this purpose, the tem â€Å"well-groomed† shall mean proper haircut, cut fingernails, use deodorant, and clean and regularly washed hands. For this purpose, the term â€Å"clean and proper attire† shall likewise include newly -washed and properly-ironed attire, no excessive dirt on clothes and shoes, and proper and complete company uniform worn properly Arrival and Departure of Employees All employees regardless of status and rank, must submit all personal belongings for inspection upon entering and leaving the company premises. Procedure for Notices/Bulletin Boards Management shall post all notices, announcements and memoranda of general application on the bulletin board. Ignorance is not an excuse and it is incumbent on each employee to regularly check the bulletin boards for new notices, announcements or memoranda. No employee is allowed to post or remove any document on the bulletin board without the prior permission from the management. Notice of Disciplinary Action In accordance with the due process requirements of the Labour code, as amended, all employees found or reported to have committed a violation of the company rules and regulations shall be given a written notice to explain, and shall be given the opportunity to explain why no disciplinary action should be imposed against him. Thereafter, any disciplinary action to be imposed by the management shall again be indicated in writing and duly furnished to the affected employee. Training and development It is an educational process where employees can learn new information, re-learn and reinforce existing knowledge and skills, and most importantly have time to think and consider what new options can help them improve their effectiveness at work. Effective trainings convey relevant and useful information that inform participants and develop skills and behaviours that can be transferred back to the workplace. The goal of training is to create an impact that lasts beyond the end time of the training itself. The focus is on creating specific action steps and commitments that focus people’s attention on incorporating their new skills and ideas back at work. In general, trainings involve presentation and learning of content as a means for enhancing skill development and improving workplace behaviours. Our trainings includes attending seminars that is related to our business and could be a help for the development to our business as well as to our employees. Salaries, wages, and benefits Salaries and Wages All employees shall receive their respective salaries or wages as provided in their Contracts of employment every 15th and last day of the month. Cut-off for payroll computation is every 10th and 25th of the month. Overtime Pay Employees may be required to work beyond their shift or even on rest days due to work requirements. Every effort should be made to avoid unnecessary overtime work and to keep work within reasonable limits. All overtime work should have prior written approval from the Store Manager. Every employee should file their overtime slips within the pay-period to be compensated. No overtime slip, no overtime pay. Holiday Pay Every employee shall be provided with a rest period of twenty-four (24) hours after every six (6) consecutive normal working days. The following shall be considered regular holidays: New Year’s Day-January 01 Maundy Thursday movable date Good Friday movable date Araw ng Kagitingan April 09 Labour Day May 01 Independence Day June 12 National Heroes Day last Sunday of August Ramadan movable date Bonifacio Day November Christmas Day December 25 Rizal Day December 30 The following shall be considered special holidays: All Saints Day November 01 Last day of the Year December 31 Work performed on a regular holiday shal

Peer Pressure Speech free essay sample

â€Å"He who saves one life it is as though he saves the world†. You make the call, you have control over what you want to do or not do. Do you really want to do it, or are you too scared to stand up for yourself and just say no? You must stand up for yourself, and be confident with your decision. What if you say yes? What if you decide not to stand up for yourself? What if you are not confident? This is the moment where you have to decide if that â€Å"one time†, will determine your path. But you really have to stop and think for a moment. Is what you are doing a complete and true definition of you? Whose life are you really leading? There are two kinds of peer pressure. The Positive kind, and the Negative kind. The positive kind of peer pressure is, being pressured or convinced to do a certain task that you may not have had the confidence to complete or to do yourself. We will write a custom essay sample on Peer Pressure Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another kind of positive peer pressure is when friends convince you not to do something that may not have been in your best interest. Negative peer pressure is just what it sounds like—It is when Peers try to make you think that they know what is best for you. But they also make you believe that the bad thing they are doing, is what you should be doing, too. They try to direct you down a path, which is not the correct one. They push for you to have JUST ONE drink. To smoke JUST ONE cigarette†¦. But, the thing that you can do to save yourself is not always the easiest thing to do saying NO. But just saying no may or may not be the end of the problem. What it means is that you have to be certain and confident with your choice, and have the inner strength to know that you are doing the right thing. Being accepted by people who want you to be a follower, and to go down what may be the wrong path, is being accepted or thinking that you will be accepted by people who are not really your friends. Many people forget what the true definition of friend is. Why are people so willing to give into peer pressure? Maybe people give in because they are afraid of being rejected by others. Maybe they give in because they want to appear grown up. They don’t want to be made fun of; they don’t want to hurt someone’s feelings; they aren’t sure of what they really want; they don’t know how to get out of the situation. We all feel it! We all do it! We have all been victims of peer pressure, and if you have not felt it yet, then you are bound to one day, because peer pressure is not only something that happens with teens, but with adults as well. Even adults feel peer pressure – to have a nicer car, a nicer house, different clothes†¦etc†¦ Unfortunately, negative peer pressure is never going to disappear. There will always be someone who will try to tempt you with something, try to convince you of something, use you for something. While we can’t change other people so easily, what we can change is how we react to negative peer pressure. It takes a lot of courage to stand up and walk away, when other people are doing something that you don’t want to do. It takes leadership to show the right path. It is so hard when â€Å"everyone† is drinking, when â€Å"everyone† is smoking pot, and you aren’t. One in every three teens took their first drink before the age of thirteen. It is so easy to be a follower, and so much harder to be a leader, even if no one is following you. People need to realize that forcing or badgering or humiliating someone into taking a drink, is not being a leader. You don’t know someone’s reasons for not drinking, you don’t know if they are taking medicine that might really affect them if they drink, or if they have a medical condition that would be affected if they drink. So they feel pressured, take a couple of drinks, then get really sick, or get in an accident. Pretty negative right? We have all heard about teen drug use since we were in middle school. We all remember that middle school was a really hard time, as we were trying to be so mature, and were still so young, and were trying to find an identity. Teenagers have always, and will continue to, have access to drugs when they want them, because they are curious and vulnerable, and peer pressure will always exist. The temptation to some how and some way, run away from things in our lives that cause conflicts, can let us become the victims of peer pressure, and drug use. Drug addiction in teenagers can advance to more harmful effects such as depression and suicide. One out of every three kids has been given, offered or sold drugs in High school and Middle School and one in every four of 17 and 18 year olds smoke regularly. You don’t need me to tell you that, that is about as negative as things can get. You have the choice, and you have the control to stand up for yourself. Here’s the thing, you’ll never be able to stop peer pressure. People will always want you to be like them, because they want someone to drag along—it gives them more confidence and strength. But you can only hope that there will be good people out there that will encourage people to do good things, instead of bad. If negative peer pressure was to end, and all we were left with was positive peer pressure, we would be living in a society that would be making great advancements in the right direction. For example, Relay for Life is a very important program that takes place not only in our community but also in communities all over our country. Kids raise money for, and awareness of cancer, by taking part in an all night walk-a-thon. By pressuring our peers to attend such an impressive community event, we are making a gigantic step toward finding a cure for all kinds of cancers. It is events and moments like these, which can change the world. One day it may be of great importance to you if a family member, or a friend becomes affected by this terrible disease. Pressuring your peers to take part in doing good for the world is the greatest form of positive peer pressure and leadership. Now, let’s say that negative peer pressure is allowed, and continues to be a growing problem. Imagine this scenario: You’re at a party, and you see a kid from your school, and it seems as though he is not doing much socially. You approach him, and start harassing him about how he isn’t drinking and that he’s too scared to have a drink. But to show you up, this lonely teen lets down his guard and has one beer, and then another beer, and then another beer, until he’s so drunk its unrecognizable who this person is anymore. You laugh, and walk away, not realizing that this kid who drove there all by himself does not have many friends, and none of them are at the party. The next school day you find out that one of your classmates is dead. He left the party, got in a car, and wrapped himself around a tree, resulting in his tragic death for which not only you but also everyone present at that party is to blame. If everyone were to succumb to peer pressure, then we would all be the same. For example, lets talk about the clothes we wear—if peer pressure said that everyone should wear only clothing from Hollister, then we would all look alike. Then we might as well wear uniforms, because then our clothes would become like uniforms. And if every one lived in the same kind of house, and drove the same kind of car, had the same kind of dog, went to the same places for vacation, it would seem like communist Russia, and not the free country that we live in. Although that is taking it to an extreme, and seems silly, that is precisely what peer pressure is, if there was no one to stand up for themselves. So, are you someone who wants to save a life or someone who wants to sabotage a life? Are you a leader or a follower? If you are a follower, or a life saboteur, do you want to change, and if not, why not? Are you happier making someone else unhappy? Remember, if you change one life, save one life, then it is something that can change the world, one person at a time†¦